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Dziga Vertov was a Russian filmmaker and theorist who pioneered the documentary form through radical formal experimentation. His practice centered on the photograph and the moving image as instruments for revealing material reality without theatrical intervention, developed in the Soviet avant-garde context of the 1920s and 1930s. His manifesto, Kinok (Cinema-Eye), argued for a cinema built from montage and everyday observation rather than narrative or performance. His films, including Man with a Movie Camera, constructed meaning through rhythmic editing and the juxtaposition of unscripted urban and industrial footage.